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991.
992.
Edwin Zaccaï 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):51-67
A global analysis shows that considerable forces contribute nowadays to the perpetuation of the so-called “developed” model of consumption, and its extension to growing parts of the world, despite reiterated calls for “modification of production and consumption patterns”. Environmental product regulation can be situated in this general perspective. This paper returns to the framing of policies devoted to ecologically sustainable consumption, taking the example of the Integrated product policy at the European level. How are the objectives of such policies defined? What instruments are privileged? Comparing theoretical approaches with policy design, we focus on the role devoted to consumers in these contexts. Bringing in literature evidence, survey results and findings from an original study, we argue that appropriate knowledge of the diversity of consumers’ attitudes and about the limitations of their possible actions is not properly taken into account in product policies, notably when information and voluntary tools are dominant. From this point of view, environmental product regulations are well justified, but they should, as all policy instruments implicating consumers, take careful notice of their situation. 相似文献
993.
We compared measures of ecosystem state across six adjacent land-tenure groups in the intact tropical savanna landscapes of
northern Australia. Tenure groups include two managed by Aboriginal owners, two national parks, a cluster of pastoral leases,
and a military training area. This information is of relevance to the debate about the role of indigenous lands in the Australian
conservation estate. The timing and frequency of fire was determined by satellite imagery; the biomass and composition of
the herb-layer and the abundance of large feral herbivores by field surveys; and weediness by analysis of a Herbarium database.
European tenures varied greatly in fire frequencies but were consistently burnt earlier in the dry season than the two Aboriginal
tenures, the latter having intermediate fire frequencies. Weeds were more frequent in the European tenures, whilst feral animals
were most abundant in the Aboriginal tenures. This variation strongly implies a signature of current management and/or recent
environmental history. We identify indices suitable for monitoring of management outcomes in an extensive and sparsely populated
landscape. Aboriginal land offers a unique opportunity for the conservation of biodiversity through the maintenance of traditional
fire regimes. However, without financial support, traditional practices may prove unsustainable both economically and because
exotic weeds and feral animals will alter fire regimes. An additional return on investment in Aboriginal land management is
likely to be improved livelihoods and health outcomes for these disadvantaged communities. 相似文献
994.
Perceiving the Environment from the Lay Perspective in Desertified Areas,Northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigating local people’s environmental perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into decision
making processes that help resolve environmental problems. Although China is undergoing severe desertification, the perceptions
of the local people toward their degraded environment and the related issues have so far not been actively solicited. This
article, which is a supplement to Lee and Zhang’s (2004, 2005) studies, seeks to further investigate the lay public’s general environmental attitudes, perceptions of desertification, interpretations
of land-degrading activities, and particularly their interrelations in severely desertified areas. Minqin County in Gansu
Province, northern China, was chosen to be the study area. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered in December 2002. Major findings were: (1) Most respondents had only weak altruistic environmental attitudes,
with educational level to be a significant determinant. (2) Respondents’ perceptions of desertification and interpretations
of land-degrading activities were contingent on personal attributes, general environmental attitudes, and other conceptions
related to desertification. It is recommended that the interrelations between the various aspects of the public’s environmental
perceptions should be thoroughly examined to facilitate their participation in environmental management. 相似文献
995.
Heavy metals in untreated/treated urban effluent and sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliveira Ada S Bocio A Trevilato TM Takayanagui AM Domingo JL Segura-Muñoz SI 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(7):483-489
Background, Aim and Scope
The presence of heavy metals in wastewater is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. The aim of the present study was to investigate the removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cr and Zn in urban effluent by a biological wastewater treatment, as well as to quantify the levels of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, V and Zn in dewatering sludge from the Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant to Ribeirão Preto (RP-BWTP), Brazil.Materials and Methods
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Pb in wastewater and those of Ni in sludge were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite furnace atomization. Mercury concentrations in wastewater were measured by hydride generation atomic spectrophotometry, and Zn levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using acetylene flame. In sludge, the levels of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Tl, V and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.Results
The percentages of removal efficiency (RE) were the following: Hg 61.5%, Cd 60.0%, Zn 44.9%, Cu 44.2%, PB 39.7%, Cr 16,5% and Mn 10.4%. In turn, the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of metals in dewatering sludge followed this increasing order: Tl (<0.03), Hg (0.31), Be (0.43), As (1.14), Cd (1.34), V (59.2), Pb (132.1), Sn (166.1), Cr (195.0), Mn (208.1), Ni (239.4), Cu (391.7), Zn (864.4) and Fe (20537).Discussion
The relationship between metal levels in untreated wastewater, as well as the removal efficiency are in agreement with previous data from various investigators, It is important to note that metal removal efficiency is not only affected by metal ion species and concentration, but also by other conditions such as operating parameters, physical, chemical, and biological factors.Conclusions
Metal values recorded for treated wastewater and sludge were within the maximum permitted levels established by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB), São Paulo, Brazil.Recommendations
There is an urgent need for the authorities who are responsible for legislation on sludge uses in agriculture of establishing safety levels for As, Be, Hg, Sn, Tl and V.Perspectives
According to the current metal levels, RP-BWTP sludge might be used for agriculture purposes. However, for an environmentally safe use of sewage sludge, further studies including systematic monitoring are recommended. Annual metal concentrations and predicted variations of those elements in the sludge should be monitored.996.
We conducted case studies of three successful examples of collaborative, community-based natural resource conservation and development. Our purpose was to: (1) identify the functions served by interactions within the social networks of involved stakeholders; (2) describe key structural properties of these social networks; and (3) determine how these structural properties varied when the networks were serving different functions. The case studies relied on semi-structured, in-depth interviews of 8 to 11 key stakeholders at each site who had played a significant role in the collaborative projects. Interview questions focused on the roles played by key stakeholders and the functions of interactions between them. Interactions allowed the exchange of ideas, provided access to funding, and enabled some stakeholders to influence others. The exchange of ideas involved the largest number of stakeholders, the highest percentage of local stakeholders, and the highest density of interactions. Our findings demonstrated the value of tailoring strategies for involving stakeholders to meet different needs during a collaborative, community-based natural resource management project. Widespread involvement of local stakeholders may be most appropriate when ideas for a project are being developed. During efforts to exert influence to secure project approvals or funding, however, involving specific individuals with political connections or influence on possible sources of funds may be critical. Our findings are consistent with past work that has postulated that social networks may require specific characteristics to meet different needs in community-based environmental management. 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
Gail Krantzberg 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):301-305
Some argue that a collective vision for the future of the Laurentian Great Lakes is embodied in the␣Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement (GLWQA). The GLWQA is a binational agreement, first signed in 1972 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and President
Richard Nixon, wherein the two countries (the Parties) commit to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological
integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.” Article X of the Agreement states that the Parties shall conduct
a comprehensive review of the operation and effectiveness of this Agreement following every third biennial report of the [International
Joint] Commission (IJC). The IJC’s 12th Biennial Report, released in 2004, triggered this important science, program, and
policy review which commenced May 2006. This essay makes the case for a rigorous review, that explores deliberately the future
scope of the Agreement to protect the world’s largest surface freshwater resource, and calls for innovation in the governance
regime of this binational ecosystem. 相似文献
1000.
Levels of perfluorochemicals in water samples from Catalonia,Spain: is drinking water a significant contribution to human exposure? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ericson I Nadal M van Bavel B Lindström G Domingo JL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):614-619
Background, aim, and scope In recent years, due to a high persistence, biomagnification in food webs, presence in remote regions, and potential toxicity,
perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have generated a considerable interest. The present study was aimed to determine the levels of perfluorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other PFCs in drinking water (tap and bottled) and river water samples
from Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain).
Materials and methods Municipal drinking (tap) water samples were collected from the four most populated towns in the Tarragona Province, whereas
samples of bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets. River water samples were collected from the Ebro (two samples),
Cortiella, and Francolí Rivers. After pretreatment, PFC analyses were performed by HPLC-MS. Quantification was done using
the internal standard method, with recoveries between 68% and 118%.
Results In tap water, PFOS and PFOA levels ranged between 0.39 and 0.87 ng/L (0.78 and 1.74 pmol/L) and between 0.32 and 6.28 ng/L
(0.77 and 15.2 pmol/L), respectively. PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFNA were also other detected PFCs. PFC levels were notably lower
in bottled water, where PFOS could not be detected in any sample. Moreover, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFOSA, and PFDA
could be detected in the river water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were between <0.24 and 5.88 ng/L (<0.48 and 11.8 pmol/L)
and between <0.22 and 24.9 ng/L (<0.53 and 60.1 pmol/L), respectively.
Discussion Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L per day, the daily intake of PFOS and PFOA by the population of the area under evaluation
was calculated (0.78–1.74 and 12.6 ng, respectively). It was found that drinking water might be a source of exposure to PFCs
as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants.
Conclusions The contribution of drinking water (tap and bottled) to the human daily intake of various PFCs has been compared for the first
time with data from dietary intake of these PFCs. It was noted that in certain cases, drinking water can be a source of exposure
to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants although the current concentrations were similar or lower than
those reported in the literature for surface water samples from a number of regions and countries.
Recommendations and perspectives Further studies should be carried out in order to increase the knowledge of the role of drinking water in human exposure to
PFCs. 相似文献